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Автор - KestaS

Где хранятся древние архивы Монгольской империи?
Кто что знает по этому вопросу.

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    Как мне известно из литературы, монголы, перед походами в новую страну, как правило (а может и всегда) высылали туда лазутчиков - разведчиков - шпионов. Кроме того собирали сведения из разных купцов, других знающих людей. Этот принцип собирания сведений и предварительной разведки сил и территории будущего противника заложил еще Чингис-хан.
   
    Эти донесения (и другие документы), наверное, где то записывались и хранились.
   
    Интересно, были ли такие архивы, где и кем они хранились, на каких языках и письменностях писались, где они теперь, имеется ли какая нибудь литература по этим вопросам, может что нибудь есть и в Интернете.
   
    Меня, конечно, особенно интересуют монгольские сведения о древних литовских (и других балтских) землях и их соседях, на которые монголы совершали походы (набеги) в 1238 году (полководец Бату-хана Кайдан или Каду), 1241 году (полководцы Бату-хана Бал и Манман), 1258 году (Бурундай) и позже.

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Автор - Шах-Бахт
   
    Подобные сведения разведчиков становились достоянием самих правителей и наиболее приближенных к ним лиц. Поэтому, наверное, единственная фиксация "архивов" - это в трудах вроде "Юань ши" и "Сборника летописей" Рашид ад-Дина. Ну, может быть, еще по отдельным странам - у Джувейни, Вассафа и т.п. А.Г. Юрченко (Христианский мир и Великая Монгольская империя. СПб., 2002), например, полагает, что сведения Иоанна де Плано Карпини - тоже фиксация сообщений компетентных сановников Монгольской империи, имевших доступ к конфиденциальной информации.
   
    Некоторые исследователи полагают, что у Рашид ад-Дина и Абу-л-Гази есть упоминания о финно-угорских народах, но чтобы именно о литовцах и других прибалтийских племенах - такого, вроде бы, и нет. Да это и логично: эти территории в первой половине XIII в. совершенно не входили в сферу интересов монголов.

Автор - BlackWolf
    Кажется довольно обширная библиотека, связанная с монгольской империей, храниться на Тайване. Туда они были перенесены гоминьдановцами после провозглашения КНР.

Автор - baagii
   
    First of all, I would like to apologize that I'm writing in English. I know that you-guys communicate in Russian. Although I read and understand Russian, I do not speak and write in Russian. I found this forum to be very interesting. There is an entire section that is devoted to Mongolia, Mongolian history, and Mongolians.
     
     I'd like to try to answer the question "Where are the archives of the Great Mongol empire?".
     
     The documents, archives, laws, court letters, books, and different pieces of writing of the Mongol Empire and its subsequent states (roughly 1200-1700s) are located in many different libraries and archives around the world, although many are lost forever. In terms of number of volumes and significance, the following libraries may be listed:
     
     1. The biggest collection of documents, writings, books, and laws of the Mongol empire is located in the Taiwanese National Library in Taipei together with the archives of the Ming dynasty (Chinese), and Qing dynasty (Manchurian). This collection is by far the most important and complete because during the Mongol empire the center still was the current Mongolia and Inner Mongolia. Of course, eventually, the center (great haans or Ih haantan) lost control of other states such as Golden Horde, Ulus Tsagaadai, Il Han and so on. The half of these documents are in old Mongolian (hudam Mongol bichig), and the other half is in Chinese. This collection is very rich, in particular, of various legal and administrative documents. In terms of period, this collection includes documents not only of 12-14 centuries but of later periods until 1911 when the Qing emperor (Manchurian king or Manjiin haan in Mongolian) was overthrown in Beijing. Why this ended up in Taiwan? The reason is simple: Those who overthrew Manjiin Haan made Nanjing (South China) the capital of the Republic of China, and moved all the important archives and libraries from the Forbidden City to Nanjing. The Mongolian government signed several agreements with Taiwan to access these archives and get some original documents and copies. The efforts are paying off. Now four Mongolian historians, archivists and librarians, who fluent in Chinese, are working in that library. The first fruits of this collaboration is digital, high quality copies of the portraits of more than seventy Mongolian kings and queens (haad bolon hatad). In June 2006, The Taiwanese officials presented these portraits as the gift to the Mongolian people. These portraits include portraits of Chingis, Uguudei, Huvilai and so on. The national Taiwan library and Mongolian State library will collaborate for the next 10 years to make coopies of many documents, writings and books, and send them to Mongolia. Of course, the Mongolian government will buy some of the most important documents such as Uguudei han's zarlig (decree that is the result of Huraldai) to send Subeedei and Bat to Russia. On this zarlig there is Uguudei haan's signature. This is the only document in the world that has Uguudei's own signature. However, these documents are priceless, and Mongolian government can not buy many of them now. There are many hand written poems and other historical documents, family letters of Huvilai Haan. Huvilai haan was very educated and all his writings are in Mongolian. He did not speak Chinese although he moved the capital to China. Also there are many private letters of princes and princesses, who fought wars far away (Iran and Irak), to their king and queen parents. For example, there are several letters from her sons to Sorhon hatan (the wife of Tului, the youngest child of Chingis, and the mother of Huleg, Munh and Huvilai haan). Interestingly, many of these letters are cuts on leathers. Hopefully, in a few years time, Mongolia will be able to get many of these important historical documents.
     
     2. Second important collection is in the China's State Central archives and Beijing Library. There are many, many documents in these libraries too. At the moment, they are accessible only to Chinese scholars and some scholars from Mongolia. There are not any efforts to copy and send these copies to Ulan-bator. Eventually, such projects will be initiated.
     
     3. Third most important collection is located in Gandan tegchilen hiid (Gandan Monastery) in Ulan-bator. This monastery is 250 years old, and it has a fabulous collection of ancient books and writing. The monastery's library has about 4 million books, Buddhist sutras, and other documents. One half of these collections are writings, state documents, and books in Mongolian. The other half is Tibetan and Chinese. Now a large project is being implemented to catalog and build electronic and digital libraries of these documents. In a few years time, this collection will be accessible to researchers.
     
     4. Mongolian Central Library also has an excellent collection of documents, books and writings from 12-21 centuries. Mongolian and overseas (e.g., Russian) historians use this collection extensively. But you have to have a special permit to get access to these books.
     
     5. The next important library is British library in London. The Brits collected, stolen, and grabbed during XIX century alot of stuff from China, India, Iraq and so on. This collection is strong on Il han Ulus (current Iran, Iraq, and parts of South Asia). Some are in Mongolian, and some are in local languages.
     
     6. Important collection is located in Lenin library in Moscow and library of the St. Petersburg state University in Russia. But most of it about the Golden Hord. I do not know the composition and language of this collection. But I have been told that it is mixed collection: Mongolian, Russian, Turkish, Tibetan and so on).
     
     7. There are important collections about the Mongol rule of the Middle East (Iran and Iraq) in Iranian and Iraq libraries. At the moment, they are not very accessible. many of them in local languages.
     
     8. There is a small collection in India. This collection was inherited by Babur Khan who mother's side was Chingisid. This collection originally comes from Dogolon Tumur (Timurlane), and it has some docs from Ulus Juch and Tsagaadai.
     
      9. Library of congress in the USA has some old collections. This collection has many importnat documents of the Mongol rulers of the Middle east.
     
      I hope this description might be useful for you. best wishes.....baagii